Harrison K
在本文中，我们将学习如何使用RedHat开发的YUM（Yellowdog Updater Modified）工具在Linux系统上安装，更新，删除，查找软件包，管理软件包和存储库。本文中显示的示例命令在CentOS 6.3服务器上进行了实际测试，您可以将这些材料用于研究目的，认证或仅探索安装新软件包的方法并使您的系统保持最新状态。本文的基本要求是，您必须对命令和Linux操作系统有基本的了解，您可以在其中探索和练习下面列出的所有命令。
什么是YUM？
YUM（Yellowdog Updater Modified）是一个开源命令行，也是基于RPM（RedHat Package Manager）的Linux系统的基于图形的包管理工具。它允许用户和系统管理员轻松安装，更新，删除或搜索系统上的软件包。它由Seth Vidal根据GPL（通用公共许可证）开发和发布，作为开源，意味着任何人都可以下载和访问代码来修复错误并开发定制包。YUM使用大量第三方存储库通过解决其依赖性问题自动安装包。
1.使用YUM安装包
要安装名为Firefox 14的软件包，只需运行以下命令，它将自动查找并安装Firefox所需的所有依赖项。
# yum install firefox
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================================
Updating:
firefox i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos updates 20 M
Updating for dependencies:
xulrunner i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos updates 12 M
Transaction Summary
================================================================================================
Install 0 Package(s)
Upgrade 2 Package(s)
Total download size: 32 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
(1/2): firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm | 20 MB 01:10
(2/2): xulrunner-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm | 12 MB 00:52
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 63 kB/s | 32 MB 02:04
Updated:
firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos
Dependency Updated:
xulrunner.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos
Complete!
在您的系统上安装任何软件包之前，上述命令将询问确认。如果要自动安装软件包而不要求任何确认，请使用选项-y，如下例所示。
# yum -y install firefox
2.使用YUM删除包
要使用所有依赖项完全删除包，只需运行以下命令，如下所示。
# yum remove firefox
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Setting up Remove Process
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos set to be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
====================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
====================================================================================================
Removing:
firefox i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos @updates 23 M
Transaction Summary
====================================================================================================
Remove 1 Package(s)
Reinstall 0 Package(s)
Downgrade 0 Package(s)
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Erasing : firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686 1/1
Removed:
firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos
Complete!
同样，上面的命令会在删除包之前询问确认。要禁用确认提示，只需添加选项-y，如下所示。
# yum -y remove firefox
3.使用YUM更新包
假设您已经过时的MySQL软件包版本，并且您希望将其更新为最新的稳定版本。只需运行以下命令，它将自动解决所有依赖项问题并安装它们。
# yum update mysql
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Dependencies Resolved
============================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
============================================================================================================
Updating:
vsftpd i386 2.0.5-24.el5_8.1 updates 144 k
Transaction Summary
============================================================================================================
Install 0 Package(s)
Upgrade 1 Package(s)
Total size: 144 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Updating : vsftpd 1/2
Cleanup : vsftpd 2/2
Updated:
vsftpd.i386 0:2.0.5-24.el5_8.1
Complete!
4.使用YUM列出包
使用list函数搜索具有名称的特定包。例如，要搜索名为openssh的包，请使用该命令。
# yum list openssh
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net
* updates: mirror.nus.edu.sg
Installed Packages
openssh.i386 4.3p2-72.el5_6.3 installed
Available Packages 4.3p2-82.el5
为了使您的搜索更准确，请使用其版本定义包名称，以防您知道。例如，要搜索包的特定版本openssh-4.3p2，请使用该命令。
# yum list openssh-4.3p2
5.使用YUM搜索包
如果您不记得包的确切名称，请使用搜索功能搜索所有可用包以匹配您指定的包的名称。例如，搜索与该单词匹配的所有包。
# yum search vsftpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net
* updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in
============================== Matched: vsftpd ========================
ccze.i386 : A robust log colorizer
pure-ftpd-selinux.i386 : SELinux support for Pure-FTPD
vsftpd.i386 : vsftpd - Very Secure Ftp Daemon
6.使用YUM获取包的信息
假设您想在安装之前了解包的信息。要获取包的信息，只需发出以下命令。
# yum info firefox
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net
* updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in
Available Packages
Name : firefox
Arch : i386
Version : 10.0.6
Release : 1.el5.centos
Size : 20 M
Repo : updates
Summary : Mozilla Firefox Web browser
URL : http://www.mozilla.org/projects/firefox/
License : MPLv1.1 or GPLv2+ or LGPLv2+
Description: Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser, designed for standards
: compliance, performance and portability.
7.使用YUM列出所有可用包
要列出Yum数据库中的所有可用包，请使用以下命令。
# yum list | less
8.使用YUM列出所有已安装的软件包
要列出系统上所有已安装的软件包，只需发出以下命令，它将显示所有已安装的软件包。
# yum list installed | less
9.百胜提供功能
Yum 提供的函数用于查找特定文件所属的包。例如，如果您想知道包含/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf的包的名称。
# yum provides /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : base
Matched from:
Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : updates
Matched from:
Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
httpd-2.2.3-65.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : updates
Matched from:
Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
httpd-2.2.3-53.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : installed
Matched from:
Other : Provides-match: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
10.使用Yum检查可用更新
要查找系统上已安装的软件包有多少可用更新，请检查以下命令。
# yum check-update
11.使用Yum更新系统
要使系统与所有安全和二进制包更新保持同步，请运行以下命令。它将为您的系统安装所有最新补丁和安全更新。
# yum update
12.列出所有可用的组包
在Linux中，包的数量捆绑到特定组。您可以安装将安装属于该组的所有相关软件包的特定组，而不是使用yum安装单个软件包。例如，要列出所有可用组，只需发出以下命令。
# yum grouplist
Installed Groups:
Administration Tools
DNS Name Server
Dialup Networking Support
Editors
Engineering and Scientific
FTP Server
Graphics
Java Development
Legacy Network Server
Available Groups:
Authoring and Publishing
Base
Beagle
Cluster Storage
Clustering
Development Libraries
Development Tools
Eclipse
Educational Software
KDE (K Desktop Environment)
KDE Software Development
13.安装组包
要安装特定的软件包组，我们使用option作为groupinstall。例如，要安装“ MySQL数据库 ”，只需执行以下命令即可。
# yum groupinstall 'MySQL Database'
Dependencies Resolved
=================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=================================================================================================
Updating:
unixODBC i386 2.2.11-10.el5 base 290 k
Installing for dependencies:
unixODBC-libs i386 2.2.11-10.el5 base 551 k
Transaction Summary
=================================================================================================
Install 1 Package(s)
Upgrade 1 Package(s)
Total size: 841 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Installing : unixODBC-libs 1/3
Updating : unixODBC 2/3
Cleanup : unixODBC 3/3
Dependency Installed:
unixODBC-libs.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5
Updated:
unixODBC.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5
Complete!
14.更新组包
要更新任何现有已安装的组软件包，只需运行以下命令，如下所示。
# yum groupupdate 'DNS Name Server'
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================================================
Updating:
bind i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 981 k
bind-chroot i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 47 k
Updating for dependencies:
bind-libs i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 864 k
bind-utils i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 174 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================================================
Install 0 Package(s)
Upgrade 4 Package(s)
Total size: 2.0 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Updating : bind-libs 1/8
Updating : bind 2/8
Updating : bind-chroot 3/8
Updating : bind-utils 4/8
Cleanup : bind 5/8
Cleanup : bind-chroot 6/8
Cleanup : bind-utils 7/8
Cleanup : bind-libs 8/8
Updated:
bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2
Dependency Updated:
bind-libs.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-utils.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2
Complete!
15.删除组包
要从系统中删除或删除任何现有的已安装组，只需使用以下命令。
# yum groupremove 'DNS Name Server'
Dependencies Resolved
===========================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===========================================================================================================
Removing:
bind i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 installed 2.1 M
bind-chroot i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 installed 0.0
Transaction Summary
===========================================================================================================
Remove 2 Package(s)
Reinstall 0 Package(s)
Downgrade 0 Package(s)
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running rpm_check_debug
Running Transaction Test
Finished Transaction Test
Transaction Test Succeeded
Running Transaction
Erasing : bind 1/2
warning: /etc/sysconfig/named saved as /etc/sysconfig/named.rpmsave
Erasing : bind-chroot 2/2
Removed:
bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2
Complete!
16.列出启用的Yum存储库
要列出系统中所有已启用的Yum存储库，请使用以下选项。
# yum repolist
repo id repo name status
base CentOS-5 - Base enabled: 2,725
epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386 enabled: 5,783
extras CentOS-5 - Extras enabled: 282
mod-pagespeed mod-pagespeed enabled: 1
rpmforge RHEL 5 - RPMforge.net - dag enabled: 11,290
updates CentOS-5 - Updates enabled: 743
repolist: 20,824
17.列出所有已启用和已禁用的Yum存储库
以下命令将显示系统上所有已启用和已禁用的yum存储库。
# yum repolist all
repo id repo name status
C5.0-base CentOS-5.0 - Base disabled
C5.0-centosplus CentOS-5.0 - Plus disabled
C5.0-extras CentOS-5.0 - Extras disabled
base CentOS-5 - Base enabled: 2,725
epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386 enabled: 5,783
extras CentOS-5 - Extras enabled: 282
repolist: 20,824
18.从特定存储库安装包
要从特定的已启用或已禁用的存储库安装特定软件包，必须在yum命令中使用-enablerepo选项。例如，要安装PhpMyAdmin 3.5.2软件包，只需执行命令即可。
# yum shell
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Setting up Yum Shell
> update httpd
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net
* epel: ftp.riken.jp
* extras: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net
* updates: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net
Setting up Update Process
>
19.互动YUM Shell
Yum实用程序提供了一个自定义shell，您可以在其中执行多个命令
# yum shell
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Setting up Yum Shell
> update httpd
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net
* epel: ftp.riken.jp
* extras: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net
* updates: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net
Setting up Update Process
>
20.清除YUM缓存
Yum实用程序提供了一个自定义shell，您可以在其中执行多个命令
# yum clean all
21.查看YUM的历史
要查看yum命令的所有过去事务，只需使用以下命令。
# yum history
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 | root | 2012-08-11 15:19 | Install | 3
9 | root | 2012-08-11 15:11 | Install | 1
8 | root | 2012-08-11 15:10 | Erase | 1 EE
7 | root | 2012-08-10 17:44 | Install | 1
6 | root | 2012-08-10 12:19 | Install | 2
5 | root | 2012-08-10 12:14 | Install | 3
4 | root | 2012-08-10 12:12 | I, U | 13 E<
3 | root | 2012-08-09 13:01 | Install | 1 >
2 | root | 2012-08-08 20:13 | I, U | 292 EE
1 | System | 2012-08-08 17:15 | Install | 560
history list
我们试图用他们的例子来涵盖所有基本的推进yum命令。如果与yum命令有关的任何内容可能都错过了。请通过我们的评论框更新我们。因此，我们会根据收到的反馈不断更新相同内容。
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